12-Inch Wafer
A wafer is a circular silicon slice used to manufacture semiconductor integrated circuits. Circuit structures formed on it become IC products with specific electrical functions. The raw material is silicon, obtained from abundant silica. Silica ore is refined in an electric-arc furnace, chlorinated using hydrochloric acid and distilled to produce high-purity polysilicon with purity up to 99.999999999%. Wafer manufacturers melt the polysilicon, introduce a seed crystal and slowly pull it from the melt to form a cylindrical single-crystal silicon ingot. Growth from one seed with a defined orientation is called crystal growth. Cutting into sections, cylindrical grinding, slicing, chamfering, polishing, laser marking and packaging produce silicon wafers, the basic input to integrated-circuit factories.
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