BaF₂/Ce:BaF₂
Ce:BaF₂ is the fastest known scintillator and an attractive material for γ-ray and charged-particle detection. Doping BaF₂ with rare-earth ions such as Ce³⁺ can suppress its slow component. Ce:BaF₂ is a fast, efficient, robust scintillator with reasonable stopping power, a well-matched refractive index, and availability in large crystal sizes. First proposed in 1977, it is an alternative to BaF₂ and is also the most efficient rare-earth-doped alkaline-earth metal fluoride among all crystals. Ce:BaF₂ scintillation crystal—a relatively fast scintillator. BaF₂ has a decay time of less than 1ns, distinguishing it among fast scintillators and making it attractive for many timing-critical applications. Its low refractive index of approximately 1.478 at a wavelength of 500nm makes it relatively easy to match to a suitable polymer matrix. In addition, the light conversion of BaF₂ under ionizing radiation is linear with energy. However, the integrated intensity of the fast component is low, and the BaF₂ emission spectrum contains an exciton band with a longer decay time. This problem can be addressed by introducing excitons and converting exciton emission into faster exciton luminescence. Trivalent cerium is a natural choice of activator because of its short decay time. Ce:BaF₂ is a well-known, relatively fast and efficient scintillator with good stopping power and availability in large crystal sizes. Bulk Ce:BaF₂ single crystals have been used as conventional scintillators for γ-ray detection.
Overview
Specifications
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Chemical formula | Ce: BaF₂ |
| Density | 4.893 g/cm³ |
| Melting point | 1386 ℃ |
| Hardness | 3 Mho |
| Hygroscopicity | Slight |
| Cut | <111> |
| Lattice constant | 0.6196 nm |
| Solubility | 0.17 g/100gH₂O |
| Coefficient of thermal expansion | 18.4*10⁻⁶ C⁻¹ |
| mk) | 11.72 |
| Wavelength (maximum emission) | 310 nm |
| Wavelength Range | 170~460 nm |
| Attenuation Time | 630 (slow); 0.87/0.88 (fast) |
| Light output | 10000 (slow); 1900 (fast) |
| Refractive Index [@310nm] | 1.49@310nm |
| Radiation length | 2.026 cm |
| Optical transmission | 0.15-12.5 um |
| Transmittance | >90(0.35-9um) |
| Reflection loss per surface | 6.8 % |
| after 3ms | 0.005 % |
| Light output relative to NaI(TI) | 20 (slow); 4 (fast) |
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