BGO
Bismuth germanate (Bi₄Ge₃O₁₂ or BGO) has been extensively studied for its short decay time in the visible region, photoluminescence, radioluminescence, and two-photon absorption under high-power laser illumination. These properties make BGO suitable as a scintillator in medicine, geological exploration, nuclear physics, high-energy physics, and nonlinear optics. BGO scintillation crystal—a crystal for nonlinear high-energy physics. As a new generation of scintillation crystal, BGO offers high density, good chemical resistance, high energy resolution, a high refractive index, good resistance to moisture absorption, and high mechanical strength. It is widely used in high-energy physics experiments, including the Large Electron–Positron Collider at CERN. BGO scintillation crystals also play an important role in dark-matter detection as a direct medium for possible annihilation of dark matter (high-energy electrons and γ rays). Compared with conventional nonlinear optical crystals, BGO exhibits third-order and fifth-order nonlinear absorption responses in the visible and infrared regions, respectively. Its large nonlinear coefficient gives it properties in nonlinear optics that other high-performance nonlinear optical materials cannot match. BGO is also a typical photorefractive crystal and has attracted considerable interest for its broad applications in optoelectronics and laser physics, including four-wave mixing and optical switching.
Overview
Specifications
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Density | 7.13 g/cm³ |
| Melting point | 1050℃ |
| Refractive Index | 2.15 |
| Effective atomic coefficient | 73 |
| Hardness | 5 Mohs |
| Hygroscopicity | None |
| Coefficient of thermal expansion | 7 x 10⁻⁶/°C |
| Crystal Structure | Cubic |
| Wavelength | 480 nm |
| Lower cutoff wavelength | 320 nm |
| Attenuation Time | 300 ns |
| Light output | 8000–10000 photons/MeV |
| Light yield | 15–20% ∝ NaI(Tl) |
| Temperature response | -1.2%/°C |
| Afterglow [@3 ms] | 0.005% @3 ms |
| Energy Resolution | 10.00% |
| Radiation length [@511KeV] | 1.1 cm |
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