Single-Crystal Germanium Window
Single-crystal germanium (Ge) is chemically inert, transmitting 2-14μm, with high hardness, thermal conductivity, and water insolubility. Mechanical/thermal properties support windows and thermal-imaging optics. Uncoated transmission over 8-14um is only 40-50%, rising to 90% with AR coatings. Customers often add DLC to increase hardness and some explosion resistance. Low absorption at 10.6μm makes Ge windows the stated first choice for CO2 lasers and filter substrates. The source states that pressures above 120KPa form another allotrope, so operation must not exceed 120KPa (0.12MPa). A few Belgian, US, Chinese, and Russian manufacturers grow Ge by the Cz method. Index changes rapidly with temperature; just above 350°K, thermally populated bandgaps make it opaque at all wavelengths. Applications: high-index ATR prisms, effective natural 50% beamsplitters without coatings, and filter substrates. Ge covers the whole 8-14μm thermal band. Diamond AR coatings produce tough front optics. Infrared uses mainly include lenses and protective windows. Good transmission makes it a preferred lens material. Source statistics state that >60% of low-/mid-end and 50% of high-end infrared lenses use Ge, serving reconnaissance, identification, security, and night-driving assistance. Military airborne, shipborne, ground-based, and vehicle lenses use it extensively. Protective windows maintain operation in harsh/night/low-light conditions. High index, low dispersion, and good infrared absorption/conduction make it essential to infrared instruments. Lenses/windows play important military, security, and civilian roles.
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Overview
Specifications
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Machinable Shapes | Circular, Rectangular, Polygonal and Other Shapes |
| Size Range - Diameter (Maximum Diagonal) | Φ8-Φ60mm |
| Size Range - Thickness | 0.05-50mm |
| Surface Figure PV | Reflected PV Better Than 1/4λ, Transmitted PV Better Than 1/10λ |
| Surface Finish | 10-5 20-10 40-20 |
| Surface Roughness | Less Than 5nm |
| Parallelism | Less Than 20″ |
| Coating | Coating Customizable to Customer Requirements |
| Density | 5.33 g/cm3 |
| Melting Point | 936 ℃ |
| Dielectric Constant, Static/High Frequency [9.37GHz（300K）] | 16.6@9.37GHz（300K） |
| Coefficient of Thermal Expansion [298K] | 6.1*10⁻⁶@298K |
| Bulk Modulus | 77.2 GPa |
| Shear Modulus | 67 GPa |
| Thermal Conductivity [293K] | 58.61@293K |
| Heat Capacity | 0.31 J/k.m.s |
| Knoop Hardness | 780 kg/mm² |
| Young's Modulus | 102.7 GPa |
| Poisson’s Ratio | 0.28 |
| Elastic Coefficient | C11=129 C11=48.3 C11=67.1 |
| Transmission Wavelength Range | 2000nm-12000nm |
| Absorption Coefficient | 1.3*10⁻³@3800nm; 3*10⁻²@10600nm |
| Thermo-Optic Coefficient dn/dT [10600nm] | 4.08*10⁻⁴@10600nm |
| Refractive Index (n) [2200nm] | 4.0879 |
| Refractive Index (n) [8000nm] | 4.0057 |
| Refractive Index (n) [3000nm] | 4.0451 |
| Refractive Index (n) [9000nm] | 4.0040 |
| Refractive Index (n) [3800nm] | 4.0267 |
| Refractive Index (n) [10600nm] | 4.0028 |
| Refractive Index (n) [5000nm] | 4.0160 |
| Refractive Index (n) [11000nm] | 4.0025 |
| Refractive Index (n) [6000nm] | 4.0107 |
| Refractive Index (n) [12000nm] | 4.0021 |
| Refractive Index (n) [7000nm] | 4.0079 |
| Refractive Index (n) [13000nm] | 4.0018 |
Applications
Datasheet
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