Spherical Lens
1. Convex lenses have thin edges and thick centers, with at least one spherical surface or both surfaces spherical. Types are biconvex, plano-convex, and concave-convex. Concave lenses have thick edges and thin centers, with at least one spherical surface or both spherical. Types are biconcave, plano-concave, and convex-concave. 2. Effects on light: convex lenses converge light toward the principal axis after refraction; concave lenses diverge light away from it. 3. Foci and focal length: convex lenses converge rays parallel to the principal axis at a focus, denoted F. There is a focus on each side. Distance from focus to optical center is focal length f, equal on both sides. Concave lenses diverge parallel rays; their backward extensions meet at a virtual focus. There is one on each side, at equal distances from the optical center. This focal length indicates diverging power: shorter focal lengths produce stronger divergence and greater deflection. 4. Three special rays. For convex lenses: A. A ray parallel to the principal axis refracts through the focus. B. A ray through the focus emerges parallel to the axis. C. A ray through the optical center remains undeviated. For concave lenses: A. A parallel ray refracts so its backward extension passes through the virtual focus. B. A ray aimed at the virtual focus emerges parallel to the principal axis. C. A ray through the optical center remains undeviated. 5. Imaging: convex lenses form images by refraction, which can be upright or inverted, virtual or real, enlarged or reduced, and converge light. Concave lenses form only upright, reduced virtual images by refraction and diverge light. Lenses are widely used in security, vehicles, digital cameras, lasers, optical instruments, and other fields; applications continue expanding as markets develop.
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