Fluoride Optical Window
Fluoride optical windows include calcium fluoride (CaF2), barium fluoride (BaF2), lithium fluoride (LiF), and other crystals described as alkaline-earth-metal-ion fluorides. Transmission covers 0.11~12.5μm for UV/IR windows, lenses, prisms, waveplates, and objectives. Common materials: AlF3 evaporates to smooth surfaces at low electron-beam power and has the lowest index among listed fluorides. Approximately 2% transmission loss at 400nm results from fluorine deficiency, detectable in 150nm AlF3 films. At one tenth that required thickness, the UV effect is negligible. Despite somewhat higher absorption at 10μm, AlF3 has potential for high-energy IR. Excellent durability/adhesion supports high-energy laser coatings below 250nm. BaF2 has low absorption over 0.25~15μm and index 1.2-1.47 in the 0.19-13μm transparent range. Conventional BaF2 films absorb moisture and have low packing density. Low-energy ion assistance improves density/mechanical stability. Optimized BaF2 films provide low-index UV-to-far-IR coatings; low absorption and high damage threshold under 10.6μm irradiation suit high-power CO2 lasers (λ=10.6μm). CaF2: molecular weight 78.08; density 3.18; melting point 1360℃; boiling point 2500℃; evaporation temperature 1100℃ at 10-2Pa. Evaporate with tantalum/molybdenum/tungsten boats or quartz crucibles. Films transmit 150nm~12μm with time-varying index 1.36~1.42 related to deposition temperature. CaF2 films have poor mechanical/moisture resistance. Bulk calcium fluoride (CaF2), however, has good strength/moisture resistance and high transmission over 0.13um~11um for laser, IR, UV, and high-energy detection, serving prisms, lenses, and windows. It withstands 600°C at ambient pressure or 800°C in dry vacuum. Barium fluoride (BaF2) serves IR/UV windows and prisms. Lithium fluoride (LiF) has excellent vacuum-UV transmission for UV-visible-IR windows, lenses, prisms, and refractive optics. Changchun Longze specializes in fluoride windows for infrared and other technologies, with customization available.
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