A Fabry-Pérot etalon is a high-resolution optical device invented by French physicists Fabry and Pérot in 1897, based on multiple-beam interference. It typically uses two parallel, high-reflection-coated plates, or a single parallel plate coated on both sides, forming a fixed-spacing interference cavity. Coating-surface flatness must be controlled within 1/20 to 1/100 wavelength for precise interference. Sharp, fine fringes and strong wavelength selectivity make it effectively a precision narrowband filter, transmitting resonant wavelengths and reflecting or filtering others. Higher reflectivity narrows bright fringes and improves wavelength discrimination, making etalons important in precision optical measurement.
Optical communications: core devices in wavelength multiplexers, Inter-Leavers and similar equipment precisely select/process wavelengths. Spectroscopy: resolves isotope spectra, hyperfine structures, small scattering frequency shifts and atomic-motion Doppler shifts. Lasers: intracavity linewidth narrowing, single-mode control, broadband picosecond-laser bandwidth adjustment/tuning and longitudinal/transverse mode analysis. Other uses: high-resolution astronomical filtering for stellar spectra and precise wavelength measurement in metrology.
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