Waveplate
Quartz waveplates, also called phase retarders, introduce an additional optical path or phase difference between orthogonal light vibrations. They typically use precisely thick birefringent quartz with the optical axis parallel to the surface. A 1/2 (half-wave) plate rotates linear polarization by any angle, with rotation 2 times the angle between incident polarization and the optical axis; the source wording includes "opposite" for the incident polarization. An axis at 22.5° gives45° clockwise output rotation, while45° gives90°. Combined with a polarizing beamsplitter prism, it is often used in beam combiners requiring polarization conversion. A 1/4 plate delays linear polarization by 1/4 wavelength to convert it to circular polarization, and conversely converts circular to linear. Combined with a polarizing beamsplitter, a 1/4 plate can serve in an isolator. Applications include laser, optical communications, and instruments for beam-combiner polarization conversion, isolators, and circulators.
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