Ho:YAG
Ho:YAG single crystal was one of the earliest 2um laser crystals studied. Its output wavelength is near 2.1um, within an atmospheric window, providing a powerful tool for remote sensing and electro-optical countermeasures, as well as coherent Doppler wind lidar, differential absorption lidar, and laser rangefinders... Ho and Tm lasers emit at around 2 micrometers, close to an absorption peak of water, providing excellent tissue-cutting and coagulation effects. They can be transmitted through ordinary optical fibers and are ideal surgical laser sources. Human tissue has high absorption of 2μm laser light, almost 3 orders of magnitude higher than for Nd:YAG. Using Ho:YAG lasers for surgery can therefore improve surgical efficiency and accuracy while reducing the thermally damaged region. The free beam generated by holmium crystals can remove fat without producing excessive heat, reducing thermal damage to healthy tissue. Reports of holmium laser treatment for glaucoma in the United States indicate reduced surgical pain for patients. The United States has approved more than 20 types of 2-micrometer lasers for clinical medical use to treat various diseases. The 2-micrometer laser is eye-safe and has good atmospheric transmission, making it suitable as a lidar light source, with overall performance superior to Nd:YAG and CO2 lasers.
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