Ti:Sapphire（ Titanium sapphire ）
Our Ti:sapphire crystal, or titanium-doped sapphire, has the chemical formula Ti³⁺:Al₂O₃ and is a transition-metal-doped laser crystal with good overall performance. As an optically pumped solid-state laser crystal, it is widely used in tunable lasers, offering a tuning range of 650-1100nm with a peak at 800nm, among the broadest ranges for tunable laser crystals. Ti³⁺ ions provide very large gain bandwidth, enabling broad wavelength tunability in short-pulse lasers. The Ti:Sapphire absorption band centered at 490 nm suits pump sources including argon-ion lasers, frequency-doubled Nd:YAG and YLF lasers, and copper-vapor lasers. Its fluorescence lifetime of 3.2 μs allows efficient pumping by short-pulse flashlamps in powerful laser systems. Self-mode-locked titanium-sapphire lasers can directly emit pulses shorter than 6.5fs, described as the shortest pulses emitted directly from a resonator. Frequency-doubling techniques extend the beam wavelength from blue into the deep ultraviolet; the resulting 193nm lasers have been used in lithography machines.
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Overview
Specifications
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Material | Ti³⁺:Al₂O₃ |
| Concentration | (0.05~0.35) wt% |
| Orientation | A axis within 5°; E vector parallel to the C axis |
| Parallelism | 30〞 |
| Perpendicularity | 5ˊ |
| Figure of merit FOM | 100~300 |
| Wavefront distortion [@632 nm] | <λ /4@632 nm |
| Surface Flatness [@632 nm] | <λ/8@632 nm |
| Clear Aperture Dimension | >90% |
| Surface Quality | 10⁻⁵(MIL-PRF-13830B) |
| Coating [@532 nm and R < 0.5% each face, from 650 nm to 850 nm. Custom coatings] | Standard coating is AR with R < 5.0% each face @532 nm and R < 0.5% each face, from 650 nm to 850 nm. Custom coatings |
| Chamfer | <0.2×45° |
| Laser transition | F₃/₂→F₁/₂ |
| Upper-level lifetime | 3.2 μs |
| Tunable absorption band | 400-600 nm |
| Fluorescence emission wavelength range | 600-1200 nm |
| Peak Emission wavelength | ~780 nm |
| Absorption peak | 488 nm |
| Saturation fluence at 795 nm | Eₛ=0.9J/cm² |
| Emission linewidth | 650-1100 nm |
| Refractive Index [@532 nm / @800 nm / @1100 nm；@ 532 nm; 1.76@800 nm; 1.75@1100 nm] | 1.77@ 532 nm; 1.76@800 nm; 1.75@1100 nm |
| Absorption coefficient | 0.8～7.0 cm⁻¹ |
| Damage Threshold [10ns，1064nm] | 10J/cm² |
| Crystal Structure | Hexagonal crystal system |
| Density | 3.98 g/cm³ |
| Melting point | 2040 °C |
| Thermal conductivity | 33 W / (m K) |
| Temperature coefficient of refractive index | 1.28 × 10^−⁵K^−¹ |
| Thermal shock resistance parameter | 790 W/m |
| Thermal expansion | ≈ 5 × 10⁻⁶K⁻¹ |
| Hardness | 9 Mohs |
| Young's modulus | 335 GPa |
| Specific heat capacity | 0.1 cal/g |
| Tensile strength | 400 Mpa |
| Diameter | 3-100mm |
| Density with 0.1% titanium doping | 4.56 × 10¹⁹cm^−³ |
| End-face dimensions [Length （mm）：4.8 / End face ： Brewster-angle cut / Absorptance @532nm：>80% / FOM：>150 / Other ： Double-side polished plate] | 3*3 |
| Length [End-face dimensions (mm²)：3*3 / End face ： Brewster-angle cut / Absorptance @532nm：>80% / FOM：>150 / Other ： Double-side polished plate] | 4.8 mm |
| End face [End-face dimensions (mm²)：3*3 / Length （mm）：4.8 / Absorptance @532nm：>80% / FOM：>150 / Other ： Double-side polished plate] | Brewster-angle cut |
| Absorptance [End-face dimensions (mm²)：3*3 / Length （mm）：4.8 / End face ： Brewster-angle cut / FOM：>150 / Other ： Double-side polished plate / @532nm] | >80% |
| Figure of merit FOM [End-face dimensions (mm²)：3*3 / Length （mm）：4.8 / End face ： Brewster-angle cut / Absorptance @532nm：>80% / Other ： Double-side polished plate] | >150 |
| Other [End-face dimensions (mm²)：3*3 / Length （mm）：4.8 / End face ： Brewster-angle cut / Absorptance @532nm：>80% / FOM：>150] | Double-side polished plate |
| End-face dimensions [Length （mm）：10 / End face ： Brewster-angle cut / Absorptance @532nm：>90% / FOM：>150 / Other ： Double-side polished plate] | 3*3 |
| Length [End-face dimensions (mm²)：3*3 / End face ： Brewster-angle cut / Absorptance @532nm：>90% / FOM：>150 / Other ： Double-side polished plate] | 10 mm |
| End face [End-face dimensions (mm²)：3*3 / Length （mm）：10 / Absorptance @532nm：>90% / FOM：>150 / Other ： Double-side polished plate] | Brewster-angle cut |
| Absorptance [End-face dimensions (mm²)：3*3 / Length （mm）：10 / End face ： Brewster-angle cut / FOM：>150 / Other ： Double-side polished plate / @532nm] | >90% |
| Figure of merit FOM [End-face dimensions (mm²)：3*3 / Length （mm）：10 / End face ： Brewster-angle cut / Absorptance @532nm：>90% / Other ： Double-side polished plate] | >150 |
| Other [End-face dimensions (mm²)：3*3 / Length （mm）：10 / End face ： Brewster-angle cut / Absorptance @532nm：>90% / FOM：>150] | Double-side polished plate |
| End-face dimensions [Length （mm）：20 / End face ： Brewster-angle cut / Absorptance @532nm：>90% / FOM：>150 / Other ： Double-side polished plate] | 3*3 |
| Length [End-face dimensions (mm²)：3*3 / End face ： Brewster-angle cut / Absorptance @532nm：>90% / FOM：>150 / Other ： Double-side polished plate] | 20 mm |
| End face [End-face dimensions (mm²)：3*3 / Length （mm）：20 / Absorptance @532nm：>90% / FOM：>150 / Other ： Double-side polished plate] | Brewster-angle cut |
| Absorptance [End-face dimensions (mm²)：3*3 / Length （mm）：20 / End face ： Brewster-angle cut / FOM：>150 / Other ： Double-side polished plate / @532nm] | >90% |
| Figure of merit FOM [End-face dimensions (mm²)：3*3 / Length （mm）：20 / End face ： Brewster-angle cut / Absorptance @532nm：>90% / Other ： Double-side polished plate] | >150 |
| Other [End-face dimensions (mm²)：3*3 / Length （mm）：20 / End face ： Brewster-angle cut / Absorptance @532nm：>90% / FOM：>150] | Double-side polished plate |
| End-face dimensions [Length （mm）：20 / End face ： Brewster-angle cut / Absorptance @532nm：>90% / FOM：>150 / Other ： Double-side polished plate] | dia3 |
| Length [End-face dimensions (mm²)：dia3 / End face ： Brewster-angle cut / Absorptance @532nm：>90% / FOM：>150 / Other ： Double-side polished plate] | 20 mm |
| End face [End-face dimensions (mm²)：dia3 / Length （mm）：20 / Absorptance @532nm：>90% / FOM：>150 / Other ： Double-side polished plate] | Brewster-angle cut |
| Absorptance [End-face dimensions (mm²)：dia3 / Length （mm）：20 / End face ： Brewster-angle cut / FOM：>150 / Other ： Double-side polished plate / @532nm] | >90% |
| Figure of merit FOM [End-face dimensions (mm²)：dia3 / Length （mm）：20 / End face ： Brewster-angle cut / Absorptance @532nm：>90% / Other ： Double-side polished plate] | >150 |
| Other [End-face dimensions (mm²)：dia3 / Length （mm）：20 / End face ： Brewster-angle cut / Absorptance @532nm：>90% / FOM：>150] | Double-side polished plate |
| End-face dimensions [Length （mm）：20 / End face ： Brewster-angle cut / Absorptance @532nm：>90% / FOM：>150 / Other ： Double-side polished plate] | dia4 |
| Length [End-face dimensions (mm²)：dia4 / End face ： Brewster-angle cut / Absorptance @532nm：>90% / FOM：>150 / Other ： Double-side polished plate] | 20 mm |
| End face [End-face dimensions (mm²)：dia4 / Length （mm）：20 / Absorptance @532nm：>90% / FOM：>150 / Other ： Double-side polished plate] | Brewster-angle cut |
| Absorptance [End-face dimensions (mm²)：dia4 / Length （mm）：20 / End face ： Brewster-angle cut / FOM：>150 / Other ： Double-side polished plate / @532nm] | >90% |
| Figure of merit FOM [End-face dimensions (mm²)：dia4 / Length （mm）：20 / End face ： Brewster-angle cut / Absorptance @532nm：>90% / Other ： Double-side polished plate] | >150 |
| Other [End-face dimensions (mm²)：dia4 / Length （mm）：20 / End face ： Brewster-angle cut / Absorptance @532nm：>90% / FOM：>150] | Double-side polished plate |
| End-face dimensions [Length （mm）：20 / End face ： Brewster-angle cut / Absorptance @532nm：>90% / FOM：>150 / Other ： Double-side polished plate] | 4*5 |
| Length [End-face dimensions (mm²)：4*5 / End face ： Brewster-angle cut / Absorptance @532nm：>90% / FOM：>150 / Other ： Double-side polished plate] | 20 mm |
| End face [End-face dimensions (mm²)：4*5 / Length （mm）：20 / Absorptance @532nm：>90% / FOM：>150 / Other ： Double-side polished plate] | Brewster-angle cut |
| Absorptance [End-face dimensions (mm²)：4*5 / Length （mm）：20 / End face ： Brewster-angle cut / FOM：>150 / Other ： Double-side polished plate / @532nm] | >90% |
| Figure of merit FOM [End-face dimensions (mm²)：4*5 / Length （mm）：20 / End face ： Brewster-angle cut / Absorptance @532nm：>90% / Other ： Double-side polished plate] | >150 |
| Other [End-face dimensions (mm²)：4*5 / Length （mm）：20 / End face ： Brewster-angle cut / Absorptance @532nm：>90% / FOM：>150] | Double-side polished plate |
| End-face dimensions [Length （mm）：20 / End face ： Brewster-angle cut / Absorptance @532nm：>90% / FOM：>150 / Other ： Double-side polished plate] | dia6 |
| Length [End-face dimensions (mm²)：dia6 / End face ： Brewster-angle cut / Absorptance @532nm：>90% / FOM：>150 / Other ： Double-side polished plate] | 20 mm |
| End face [End-face dimensions (mm²)：dia6 / Length （mm）：20 / Absorptance @532nm：>90% / FOM：>150 / Other ： Double-side polished plate] | Brewster-angle cut |
| Absorptance [End-face dimensions (mm²)：dia6 / Length （mm）：20 / End face ： Brewster-angle cut / FOM：>150 / Other ： Double-side polished plate / @532nm] | >90% |
| Figure of merit FOM [End-face dimensions (mm²)：dia6 / Length （mm）：20 / End face ： Brewster-angle cut / Absorptance @532nm：>90% / Other ： Double-side polished plate] | >150 |
| Other [End-face dimensions (mm²)：dia6 / Length （mm）：20 / End face ： Brewster-angle cut / Absorptance @532nm：>90% / FOM：>150] | Double-side polished plate |
| End-face dimensions [Length （mm）：20 / End face ： Flat end face / Absorptance @532nm：>90% / FOM：>150 / Other ：AR/AR@532+700-900nm] | dia20 |
| Length [End-face dimensions (mm²)：dia20 / End face ： Flat end face / Absorptance @532nm：>90% / FOM：>150 / Other ：AR/AR@532+700-900nm] | 20 mm |
| End face [End-face dimensions (mm²)：dia20 / Length （mm）：20 / Absorptance @532nm：>90% / FOM：>150 / Other ：AR/AR@532+700-900nm] | Flat end face |
| Absorptance [End-face dimensions (mm²)：dia20 / Length （mm）：20 / End face ： Flat end face / FOM：>150 / Other ：AR/AR@532+700-900nm / @532nm] | >90% |
| Figure of merit FOM [End-face dimensions (mm²)：dia20 / Length （mm）：20 / End face ： Flat end face / Absorptance @532nm：>90% / Other ：AR/AR@532+700-900nm] | >150 |
| Other [End-face dimensions (mm²)：dia20 / Length （mm）：20 / End face ： Flat end face / Absorptance @532nm：>90% / FOM：>150 / @532+700-900nm] | AR/AR@532+700-900nm |
| End-face dimensions [Length （mm）：20 / End face ： Flat end face / Absorptance @532nm：>90% / FOM：>150 / Other ：AR/AR@532+700-900nm] | dia30 |
| Length [End-face dimensions (mm²)：dia30 / End face ： Flat end face / Absorptance @532nm：>90% / FOM：>150 / Other ：AR/AR@532+700-900nm] | 20 mm |
| End face [End-face dimensions (mm²)：dia30 / Length （mm）：20 / Absorptance @532nm：>90% / FOM：>150 / Other ：AR/AR@532+700-900nm] | Flat end face |
| Absorptance [End-face dimensions (mm²)：dia30 / Length （mm）：20 / End face ： Flat end face / FOM：>150 / Other ：AR/AR@532+700-900nm / @532nm] | >90% |
| Figure of merit FOM [End-face dimensions (mm²)：dia30 / Length （mm）：20 / End face ： Flat end face / Absorptance @532nm：>90% / Other ：AR/AR@532+700-900nm] | >150 |
| Other [End-face dimensions (mm²)：dia30 / Length （mm）：20 / End face ： Flat end face / Absorptance @532nm：>90% / FOM：>150 / @532+700-900nm] | AR/AR@532+700-900nm |
| End-face dimensions [Length （mm）：25 / End face ： Flat end face / Absorptance @532nm：>90% / FOM：>150 / Other ：AR@532 nm+ AR@750-850 nm] | dia30 |
| Length [End-face dimensions (mm²)：dia30 / End face ： Flat end face / Absorptance @532nm：>90% / FOM：>150 / Other ：AR@532 nm+ AR@750-850 nm] | 25 mm |
| End face [End-face dimensions (mm²)：dia30 / Length （mm）：25 / Absorptance @532nm：>90% / FOM：>150 / Other ：AR@532 nm+ AR@750-850 nm] | Flat end face |
| Absorptance [End-face dimensions (mm²)：dia30 / Length （mm）：25 / End face ： Flat end face / FOM：>150 / Other ：AR@532 nm+ AR@750-850 nm / @532nm] | >90% |
| Figure of merit FOM [End-face dimensions (mm²)：dia30 / Length （mm）：25 / End face ： Flat end face / Absorptance @532nm：>90% / Other ：AR@532 nm+ AR@750-850 nm] | >150 |
| Other [End-face dimensions (mm²)：dia30 / Length （mm）：25 / End face ： Flat end face / Absorptance @532nm：>90% / FOM：>150 / @532 nm+ AR@750-850 nm] | AR@532 nm+ AR@750-850 nm |
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